a) A very large mushroom
b) A small family car
c) A grapefruit
d) A sailor
A grapefruit.
Quite interestingly, a blue whale’s throat is almost exactly the same diameter as its belly button
(which is about the size of a side plate), but a little smaller than its eardrum (which is more the size
of a dinner plate).
For eight months of the year, blue whales eat virtually nothing, but during the summer they feed
almost continuously, scooping up three tons of food a day. As you may remember from biology
lessons, their diet consists of tiny, pink, shrimp-like crustaceans called krill, which slip down a treat.
Krill come conveniently served in huge swarms that can weigh over 100,000 tons.
The word krill is Norwegian. It comes from the Dutch word kriel, meaning ‘small fry’ but now
also used to mean both pygmies and ‘small potatoes’. Krill sticks have been marketed with
reasonable success in Chile but krill mince was a bit of a disaster in Russia, Poland and South Africa
owing to dangerously high levels of fluoride. It came from the krill’s shells which were too small to
pick off individually before mincing.
The narrow gauge of a blue whale’s throat means it couldn’t have swallowed Jonah. The only
whale with a throat wide enough to swallow a person whole is the sperm whale and, once inside, the
intense acidity of the sperm whale’s stomach juices would make survival impossible. The celebrated
case of the ‘Modern Jonah’ in 1891, in which James Bartley claimed to have been swallowed by a
sperm whale and rescued by his crew mates fifteen hours later, has been nailed as a fraud.
Aside from its throat, everything else about the blue whale is big. At 32 m (105 feet) in length, it is
the largest creature that has ever lived – three times the size of the biggest dinosaur and equivalent in
weight to 2,700 people. Its tongue weighs more than an elephant; its heart is the size of a family car;
its stomach can hold more than a ton of food. It also makes the loudest noise of any individual animal:
a low frequency ‘hum’ that can be detected by other whales over 16,000 km (10,000 miles) away.
Showing posts with label q&a. Show all posts
Showing posts with label q&a. Show all posts
Saturday, November 2, 2013
Monday, October 14, 2013
What’s the largest living thing?
It’s a mushroom.
And it’s not even a particularly rare one. You’ve probably got the honey fungus ( Armillaria
ostoyae) in your garden, growing on a dead tree-stump.
For your sake, let’s hope it doesn’t reach the size of the largest recorded specimen, in Malheur
National Forest in Oregon. It covers 890 hectares (2,200 acres) and is between 2,000 and 8,000
years old. Most of it is underground in the form of a massive mat of tentacle-like white mycelia (the
mushroom’s equivalent of roots). These spread along tree roots, killing the trees and peeping up
through the soil occasionally as innocent-looking clumps of honey mushrooms.
The giant honey fungus of Oregon was initially thought to grow in separate clusters throughout the
forest, but researchers have now confirmed it is the world’s single biggest organism, connected under the soil.
STEPHEN What, or which, is the largest living thing on earth?
BILL France.
And it’s not even a particularly rare one. You’ve probably got the honey fungus ( Armillaria
ostoyae) in your garden, growing on a dead tree-stump.
For your sake, let’s hope it doesn’t reach the size of the largest recorded specimen, in Malheur
National Forest in Oregon. It covers 890 hectares (2,200 acres) and is between 2,000 and 8,000
years old. Most of it is underground in the form of a massive mat of tentacle-like white mycelia (the
mushroom’s equivalent of roots). These spread along tree roots, killing the trees and peeping up
through the soil occasionally as innocent-looking clumps of honey mushrooms.
The giant honey fungus of Oregon was initially thought to grow in separate clusters throughout the
forest, but researchers have now confirmed it is the world’s single biggest organism, connected under the soil.
STEPHEN What, or which, is the largest living thing on earth?
BILL France.
What’s the name of the tallest mountain in the world?
Mauna Kea, the highest point on the island of Hawaii.
The inactive volcano is a modest 4,206 m (13,799 feet) above sea level, but when measured from
the seabed to its summit, it is 10,200 m (33,465 feet) high – about three-quarters of a mile taller than Mount Everest.
As far as mountains are concerned, the current convention is that ‘highest’ means measured from
sea level to summit; ‘tallest’ means measured from the bottom of the mountain to the top.
So, while Mount Everest, at 8,848 m (29,029 feet) is the highest mountain in the world, it is not the
tallest.
Measuring mountains is trickier than it looks. It’s easy enough to see where the top is, but where
exactly is the ‘bottom’ of a mountain?
For example, some argue that Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania – at 5,895 m (19,340 feet) – is taller
than Everest because it rises straight out of the African plain, whereas Everest is merely one ofmany peaks topping the enormous base of the Himalayas, shared by the world’s next thirteen highest mountains.
Others claim that the most logical measure ought to be the distance of a mountain’s peak from the
centre of the Earth. Because the Earth is a flattened rather than a perfect sphere, the equator is about 21 km (13 miles) further from the centre of the Earth than the poles. This is good news for the reputation of those mountains that are very close to the equator – like Mount Chimborazo in the Andes – but it also means accepting that even the beaches in Ecuador are
‘higher’ than the Himalayas.
Though massive, the Himalayas are surprisingly young. When they were formed, the dinosaurs had
been dead for 25 million years. In Nepal, Everest is known as Chomolungma – ‘Mother of the Universe’. In Tibet, it is called Sagamartha – ‘Forehead of the Sky’. Like any healthy youngster, it is still growing – at the not very exciting rate of 4 mm (less than a quarter of an inch) a year.
ALAN Do you know that one in eight of people who’ve tried to climb Everest die? PHILL So, when you’re putting your party together to go up Everest, just … If there’s seven of you, just get one really … someone you don’t like. Preferably with asthma … ‘Lead on, Wheezy!’
The inactive volcano is a modest 4,206 m (13,799 feet) above sea level, but when measured from
the seabed to its summit, it is 10,200 m (33,465 feet) high – about three-quarters of a mile taller than Mount Everest.
As far as mountains are concerned, the current convention is that ‘highest’ means measured from
sea level to summit; ‘tallest’ means measured from the bottom of the mountain to the top.
So, while Mount Everest, at 8,848 m (29,029 feet) is the highest mountain in the world, it is not the
tallest.
Measuring mountains is trickier than it looks. It’s easy enough to see where the top is, but where
exactly is the ‘bottom’ of a mountain?
For example, some argue that Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania – at 5,895 m (19,340 feet) – is taller
than Everest because it rises straight out of the African plain, whereas Everest is merely one ofmany peaks topping the enormous base of the Himalayas, shared by the world’s next thirteen highest mountains.
Others claim that the most logical measure ought to be the distance of a mountain’s peak from the
centre of the Earth. Because the Earth is a flattened rather than a perfect sphere, the equator is about 21 km (13 miles) further from the centre of the Earth than the poles. This is good news for the reputation of those mountains that are very close to the equator – like Mount Chimborazo in the Andes – but it also means accepting that even the beaches in Ecuador are
‘higher’ than the Himalayas.
Though massive, the Himalayas are surprisingly young. When they were formed, the dinosaurs had
been dead for 25 million years. In Nepal, Everest is known as Chomolungma – ‘Mother of the Universe’. In Tibet, it is called Sagamartha – ‘Forehead of the Sky’. Like any healthy youngster, it is still growing – at the not very exciting rate of 4 mm (less than a quarter of an inch) a year.
ALAN Do you know that one in eight of people who’ve tried to climb Everest die? PHILL So, when you’re putting your party together to go up Everest, just … If there’s seven of you, just get one really … someone you don’t like. Preferably with asthma … ‘Lead on, Wheezy!’
Friday, October 4, 2013
Where is the highest mountain?
It’s on Mars.
The giant volcano Mount Olympus – or Olympus Mons in Latin – is the highest mountain in the
solar system and in the known universe.
At 22 km high (14 miles) and 624 km (388 miles) across, it is almost three times the height of
Mount Everest and so wide that its base would cover Arizona, or the whole of the area of the British
Isles. The crater on the top is around 72 km (45 miles) wide and over 3 km (nearly 2 miles) deep,
easily big enough to swallow London.
Mons Olympus doesn’t conform to most people’s idea of a mountain. It is flat-topped – like a vast
plateau in a sea drained of water – and its sides aren’t even steep. Their slight incline of between one
and three degrees means you wouldn’t even break sweat if you climbed it.
We traditionally measure mountains by their height. If we measured them by their size, it would be
meaningless to isolate one mountain in a range from the rest. That being so, Mount Everest would
dwarf Olympus Mons. It is part of the gigantic Himalaya–Karakoram–Hindu-Kush–Pamir range
which is nearly 2,400 km (1,500 miles) long.
The giant volcano Mount Olympus – or Olympus Mons in Latin – is the highest mountain in the
solar system and in the known universe.
At 22 km high (14 miles) and 624 km (388 miles) across, it is almost three times the height of
Mount Everest and so wide that its base would cover Arizona, or the whole of the area of the British
Isles. The crater on the top is around 72 km (45 miles) wide and over 3 km (nearly 2 miles) deep,
easily big enough to swallow London.
Mons Olympus doesn’t conform to most people’s idea of a mountain. It is flat-topped – like a vast
plateau in a sea drained of water – and its sides aren’t even steep. Their slight incline of between one
and three degrees means you wouldn’t even break sweat if you climbed it.
We traditionally measure mountains by their height. If we measured them by their size, it would be
meaningless to isolate one mountain in a range from the rest. That being so, Mount Everest would
dwarf Olympus Mons. It is part of the gigantic Himalaya–Karakoram–Hindu-Kush–Pamir range
which is nearly 2,400 km (1,500 miles) long.
Where are you most likely to get caught in a hailstorm?
The Western Highlands of Kenya in Africa.
In terms of annual downpour, Kericho in Kenya has more hail than anywhere else on earth, since it
falls on average 132 days each year. By comparison, the UK averages only fifteen hail-days in a year
and the worst affected area in the US, the eastern Rockies, experiences an average of forty-five haildays
a year.
What causes the abundance of hail is not fully understood. Kericho is the home of Kenya’s tea
plantations, and a 1978 study showed that organic litter from the tea plants gets stirred into the
atmosphere, where it acts as a nucleus around which hailstones can grow.
Another theory is that the high altitude of the region could be to blame, as the shape of the terrain
causes a large uplift of warm air which quickly condenses. This, and the reduced distance between
the freezing level (about 3 miles up) and the ground, reduces the chance of hailstones melting.
The average hailstone is about quarter of an inch across, but they can grow large enough to dent
cars, shatter greenhouses and even injure people.
The largest single hailstone ever recorded in the United States was 7 inches in diameter, 18.75
inches in circumference, and weighed in at just under a pound. It fell into the back yard of a house in
Aurora, Nebraska, in June 2003. This is off the end of the official US scale for describing hailstones
which starts at ‘pea’ and rises progressively through ‘mothball’, ‘walnut’ and ‘tea-cup’ to ‘softball’.
The Aurora hailstone was the size of a small melon and would have hit the ground at 100 mph.
Hail costs the US a billion dollars each year in damage to property and crops. A hailstorm that
struck Munich, Germany, in July 1984 caused an estimated billion dollars’ worth of damage to trees,
buildings and motor vehicles in a single afternoon. Trees were stripped of their bark and whole fields
of crops were destroyed. Over 70,000 buildings and 250,000 cars were damaged and more than 400
people were injured.
However, the world’s worst hailstorm occurred in the Gopalanj district of Bangladesh on 14 April
1986. Some of the hailstones weighed over two pounds and at least ninety-two people were killed.
In terms of annual downpour, Kericho in Kenya has more hail than anywhere else on earth, since it
falls on average 132 days each year. By comparison, the UK averages only fifteen hail-days in a year
and the worst affected area in the US, the eastern Rockies, experiences an average of forty-five haildays
a year.
What causes the abundance of hail is not fully understood. Kericho is the home of Kenya’s tea
plantations, and a 1978 study showed that organic litter from the tea plants gets stirred into the
atmosphere, where it acts as a nucleus around which hailstones can grow.
Another theory is that the high altitude of the region could be to blame, as the shape of the terrain
causes a large uplift of warm air which quickly condenses. This, and the reduced distance between
the freezing level (about 3 miles up) and the ground, reduces the chance of hailstones melting.
The average hailstone is about quarter of an inch across, but they can grow large enough to dent
cars, shatter greenhouses and even injure people.
The largest single hailstone ever recorded in the United States was 7 inches in diameter, 18.75
inches in circumference, and weighed in at just under a pound. It fell into the back yard of a house in
Aurora, Nebraska, in June 2003. This is off the end of the official US scale for describing hailstones
which starts at ‘pea’ and rises progressively through ‘mothball’, ‘walnut’ and ‘tea-cup’ to ‘softball’.
The Aurora hailstone was the size of a small melon and would have hit the ground at 100 mph.
Hail costs the US a billion dollars each year in damage to property and crops. A hailstorm that
struck Munich, Germany, in July 1984 caused an estimated billion dollars’ worth of damage to trees,
buildings and motor vehicles in a single afternoon. Trees were stripped of their bark and whole fields
of crops were destroyed. Over 70,000 buildings and 250,000 cars were damaged and more than 400
people were injured.
However, the world’s worst hailstorm occurred in the Gopalanj district of Bangladesh on 14 April
1986. Some of the hailstones weighed over two pounds and at least ninety-two people were killed.
Where is the driest place on earth?
Antarctica. Parts of the continent have seen no rain for two million years.
A desert is technically defined as a place that receives less than 254 mm (10 inches) of rain a year.
The Sahara gets just 25 mm (1 inch) of rain a year.
Antarctica’s average annual rainfall is about the same, but 2 per cent of it, known as the Dry
Valleys, is free of ice and snow and it never rains there at all.
The next-driest place in the world is the Atacama Desert in Chile. In some areas, no rain has fallen
there for 400 years and its average annual rainfall is a tiny 0.1 mm (0.004 inches). Taken as a whole,
this makes it the world’s driest desert, 250 times as dry as the Sahara.
As well as the driest place on earth, Antarctica can also claim to be the wettest and the windiest.
Seventy per cent of the world’s fresh water is found there in the form of ice, and its wind speeds are
the fastest ever recorded.
The unique conditions in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica are caused by so-called katabatic winds
(from the Greek word for ‘going down’). These occur when cold, dense air is pulled downhill simply
by the force of gravity. The winds can reach speeds of 320 kph (200 mph) evaporating all moisture –
water, ice and snow – in the process.
Though Antarctica is a desert, these completely dry parts of it are called, somewhat ironically,
oases. They are so similar to conditions on Mars that NASA used them to test the Viking mission.
STEPHEN The Dry Valleys, in Antarctica, are free from ice and snow, and haven’t seen
rain for two million years. So it’s a long way clear of its closest contender, the
Atacama, parts of which haven’t recorded rain for a mere 400 years. The Sahara is
lush by comparison.
ALAN Lush.
STEPHEN ‘Lush’ is often shouted at you, I know. I’m going to shout it again.
A desert is technically defined as a place that receives less than 254 mm (10 inches) of rain a year.
The Sahara gets just 25 mm (1 inch) of rain a year.
Antarctica’s average annual rainfall is about the same, but 2 per cent of it, known as the Dry
Valleys, is free of ice and snow and it never rains there at all.
The next-driest place in the world is the Atacama Desert in Chile. In some areas, no rain has fallen
there for 400 years and its average annual rainfall is a tiny 0.1 mm (0.004 inches). Taken as a whole,
this makes it the world’s driest desert, 250 times as dry as the Sahara.
As well as the driest place on earth, Antarctica can also claim to be the wettest and the windiest.
Seventy per cent of the world’s fresh water is found there in the form of ice, and its wind speeds are
the fastest ever recorded.
The unique conditions in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica are caused by so-called katabatic winds
(from the Greek word for ‘going down’). These occur when cold, dense air is pulled downhill simply
by the force of gravity. The winds can reach speeds of 320 kph (200 mph) evaporating all moisture –
water, ice and snow – in the process.
Though Antarctica is a desert, these completely dry parts of it are called, somewhat ironically,
oases. They are so similar to conditions on Mars that NASA used them to test the Viking mission.
STEPHEN The Dry Valleys, in Antarctica, are free from ice and snow, and haven’t seen
rain for two million years. So it’s a long way clear of its closest contender, the
Atacama, parts of which haven’t recorded rain for a mere 400 years. The Sahara is
lush by comparison.
ALAN Lush.
STEPHEN ‘Lush’ is often shouted at you, I know. I’m going to shout it again.
Thursday, October 3, 2013
How many wives did Henry VIII have?
We make it two. Or four if you’re a Catholic.
Henry’s fourth marriage to Anne of Cleves was annulled. This is very different from divorce.
Legally, it means the marriage never took place.
There were two grounds for the annulment. Anne and Henry never consummated the marriage; that is, they never had intercourse. Refusal or inability to consummate a marriage is still grounds for
annulment today.
In addition, Anne was already betrothed to Francis, Duke of Lorraine when she married Henry. At
that time, the formal act of betrothal was a legal bar to marrying someone else.
All parties agreed no legal marriage had taken place. So that leaves five.
The Pope declared Henry’s second marriage to Anne Boleyn illegal, because the King was still
married to his first wife, Catherine of Aragon.
Henry, as head of the new Church of England, declared in turn that his first marriage was invalid
on the legal ground that a man could not sleep with his brother’s widow. The King cited the Old
Testament, which he claimed as ‘God’s Law’, whether the Pope liked it or not.
Depending on whether you believe the Pope or the King, this brings it down to either four or three
marriages.
Henry annulled his marriage to Anne Boleyn just before he had her executed for adultery. This was
somewhat illogical: if the marriage had never existed, Anne could hardly be accused of betraying it.
He did the same with his fifth wife, Catherine Howard. All the evidence suggests she was
unfaithful to him before and during their marriage. This time, Henry passed a special act making it
treasonable for a queen to commit adultery. Once again, he also had the marriage annulled.
So that makes four annulments, and only two incontestably legal marriages.
Apart from Henry’s last wife, Catherine Parr (who outlived him), the lady who got off lightest was
Anne of Cleves. After their annulment, the King showered her with gifts and the official title of
‘beloved sister’. She visited court often, swapping cooks, recipes, and household gadgets with the
man who had never been her husband.
JEREMY CLARKSON He had major, major commitment problems, didn’t he? I imagine,
every time, he said, ‘Oh, it’s not you. It’s me.’ And then, I suppose, they had a trial
separation, which involved a brief trial and a very major separation!
Henry’s fourth marriage to Anne of Cleves was annulled. This is very different from divorce.
Legally, it means the marriage never took place.
There were two grounds for the annulment. Anne and Henry never consummated the marriage; that is, they never had intercourse. Refusal or inability to consummate a marriage is still grounds for
annulment today.
In addition, Anne was already betrothed to Francis, Duke of Lorraine when she married Henry. At
that time, the formal act of betrothal was a legal bar to marrying someone else.
All parties agreed no legal marriage had taken place. So that leaves five.
The Pope declared Henry’s second marriage to Anne Boleyn illegal, because the King was still
married to his first wife, Catherine of Aragon.
Henry, as head of the new Church of England, declared in turn that his first marriage was invalid
on the legal ground that a man could not sleep with his brother’s widow. The King cited the Old
Testament, which he claimed as ‘God’s Law’, whether the Pope liked it or not.
Depending on whether you believe the Pope or the King, this brings it down to either four or three
marriages.
Henry annulled his marriage to Anne Boleyn just before he had her executed for adultery. This was
somewhat illogical: if the marriage had never existed, Anne could hardly be accused of betraying it.
He did the same with his fifth wife, Catherine Howard. All the evidence suggests she was
unfaithful to him before and during their marriage. This time, Henry passed a special act making it
treasonable for a queen to commit adultery. Once again, he also had the marriage annulled.
So that makes four annulments, and only two incontestably legal marriages.
Apart from Henry’s last wife, Catherine Parr (who outlived him), the lady who got off lightest was
Anne of Cleves. After their annulment, the King showered her with gifts and the official title of
‘beloved sister’. She visited court often, swapping cooks, recipes, and household gadgets with the
man who had never been her husband.
JEREMY CLARKSON He had major, major commitment problems, didn’t he? I imagine,
every time, he said, ‘Oh, it’s not you. It’s me.’ And then, I suppose, they had a trial
separation, which involved a brief trial and a very major separation!
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